Gold Rate in Moradabad

0
Today’s Gold Rate in India
22 Karat
45,690Per 10g of 22k Gold

Today 24 Carat Gold Price in Moradabad – Updated

Gram 24 Carat Gold Today 24 Carat Gold Yesterday
Daily Price Change
1 gram ₹4,786 ₹4,787 ₹ -1
8 gram ₹38,288 ₹38,296 ₹ -8
10 gram ₹47,860 ₹47,870 ₹ -10
100 gram ₹4,78,600 ₹4,78,700 ₹ -100

Today 22 Carat Gold Price in Moradabad – Updated

Gram 22 Carat Gold Today 22 Carat Gold Yesterday Daily Price Change
1 gram ₹4,686 ₹4,687 ₹ -1
8 gram ₹37,488 ₹37,496 ₹ -8
10 gram ₹46,860 ₹46,870 ₹ -10
100 gram ₹4,68,600 ₹4,68,700 ₹ -100

Today Gold Rate In Moradabad :

The gold rate in Moradabad has been fairly variable in recent years since it is influenced by a variety of variables in both the domestic and international markets. The city’s rich history is one of the key reasons influencing the gold rate in Moradabad. Gold Rate in Moradabad is decided on the basis of customer demand that depended on a number of external and internal factors.

Moradabad is a city, commissionary, and municipal corporation in the Moradabad district of Uttar Pradesh, India. Moradabad is located on the banks of the Ramganga River, 167 kilometres (104 miles) north of New Moradabad and 344 kilometres north of Lucknow, the state capital of Uttar Pradesh.

Moradabad is named after prince Murad Bakhsh, the emperor’s youngest son, and was founded by Rustam Khan, the governor of Katehar, during the Mughal emperor Shahjahan. The city quickly displaced Sambhal as the seat of Katehar’s governor. In 1740, Ali Mohammed Khan incorporated Moradabad into the Kingdom of Rohilkhand.

After the collapse of Rohillas in the First Rohilla War, the city fell under the hands of Oudh State in 1774, and the Nawab of Oudh sold the city to the British East India Company in 1801. The Rohilkhand region was split in the early nineteenth century between the Princely State of Rampur and two districts: Bareilly and Moradabad, with Moradabad serving as the latter’s capital.

Compare 22k & 24k Gold Rate in Moradabad

Gold Today Yesterday Rate Change
Standard Gold (22 K) ( 1 gram ) ₹ 4,610 ₹ 4,560 ₹ 50 ↑
Standard Gold (22 K) ( 8 grams ) ₹ 36,880 ₹ 36,480 ₹ 400 ↑
Pure Gold (24 K) ( 1 gram ) ₹ 5,030 ₹ 4,976 ₹ 54 ↑
Pure Gold (24 K) ( 8 grams ) ₹ 40,240 ₹ 39,808 ₹ 432 ↑

Last 10 Days Gold Rates

Date
STANDARD GOLD 22K PURE GOLD 24K
1 GRAM 10 GRAM 1 GRAM 10 GRAM
24 July 2021 Rs. 4,686.00 Rs. 46,860 Rs. 4,786.00 Rs. 47,860
23 July 2021 Rs. 4,687.00 Rs. 46,870 Rs. 4,787.00 Rs. 47,870
22 July 2021 Rs. 4,690.00 Rs. 46,900 Rs. 4,790.00 Rs. 47,900
21 July 2021 Rs. 4,712.00 Rs. 47,120 Rs. 4,812.00 Rs. 48,120
20 July 2021 Rs. 4,730.00 Rs. 47,300 Rs. 4,830.00 Rs. 48,300
19 July 2021 Rs. 4,704.00 Rs. 47,040 Rs. 4,804.00 Rs. 48,040
18 July 2021 Rs. 4,719.00 Rs. 47,190 Rs. 4,819.00 Rs. 48,190
17 July 2021 Rs. 4,720.00 Rs. 47,200 Rs. 4,820.00 Rs. 48,200
16 July 2021 Rs. 4,735.00 Rs. 47,350 Rs. 4,835.00 Rs. 48,350
15 July 2021 Rs. 4,709.00 Rs. 47,090 Rs. 4,809.00 Rs. 48,090

 

Gold Rate in Moradabad

Because gold prices are set on a national basis for per gramme value, the Gold Rate in Moradabad will be the same as it is across the state. Banking institutions and gold jewellery makers are the most common gold importers in India.

Gold Rate in Moradabad is also influenced by the availability of gold to meet loan demand.

List of banks providing gold loan in Moradabad

Bank / NBFC Rate Per Gram Interest Rate Gold Loan Tenure Min – Max Loan Amount
₹ 3,506 to ₹ 4,621 0.099 3 to 24 months ₹ 10 thousand to 5 crore
Private Gold Loan ₹ 3,506 to ₹ 4,621 0.1 6 to 12 months ₹ 10 thousand to 5 crore
₹ 3,506 to ₹ 4,621 0.12 7 days to 36 months ₹ 3 thousand to 1 crore
₹ 3,506 to ₹ 4,621 0.1225 12 months ₹ 3 thousand to 1 crore
₹ 3,506 to ₹ 4,621 0.1025 36 months ₹ 20 thousand to 50 lakh
₹ 3,506 to ₹ 4,621 0.1 3 to 36 months ₹ 10 thousand to 5 crore
SBI Gold Loan ₹ 3,506 to ₹ 4,621 0.0975 12 to 36 months ₹ 20 thousand to 50 lakh
₹ 3,506 to ₹ 4,621 0.075 3 to 36 months ₹ 20 thousand to 50 lakh
₹ 3,506 to ₹ 4,621 0.1025 12 months ₹ 20 thousand to 50 lakh
₹ 3,506 to ₹ 4,621 0.1025 12 months ₹ 10 thousand to 5 crore
IIFL Gold Loan ₹ 3,506 to ₹ 4,621 0.12 11 months ₹ 3 thousand to 50 lakh

How are Gold Rates Decided?

The vast majority of gold prices are determined on a case-by-case basis. World prices impact gold rates in India, albeit they may differ from those in other nations. The Indian Bullion Jewellers Association, or IBJA, is a key factor in the daily determination of the Gold Rate in Moradabad.

The IBJA is a trade association that represents the country’s largest gold dealers, and its members have a collective effect on pricing. These individuals, who come from all over India, represent nearly all of the country’s lawful gold that has been traded and acquired.

The bulk of gold in India is imported by banks, who subsequently sell it to bullion dealers around the country.

After subtracting their fee, banks transfer this gold to dealers, making it somewhat more costly than the rate at which gold was imported.

How do Gold Traders Determine Future Gold Prices in Moradabad?

Gold Rate in Moradabad

Gold has become a scarce commodity in its natural state, with only a few nations possessing significant amounts. As a result, fresh gold is not always accessible, shifting from time to time, forcing us to make do with what we have today. Prices can alter substantially as the demand-supply balance shifts, which is something to keep in mind while determining rates in India.

In contrast to prior years, India’s natural gold reserves are depleting, and the country’s gold production is declining. As a result, India imports the vast bulk of its gold, making import taxes a crucial factor in the country’s gold price. Inevitably, a high import rate will lead to a higher Gold Rate in Moradabad and vice versa.

The performance of the US dollar has a significant impact on gold rates since Gold Rate in Moradabad is inversely proportionate to dollar rates. Because gold is a worldwide traded commodity and the US dollar is the world’s most extensively used currency, this link exists. Any events in the United States will have a direct or indirect influence on Gold Rate in Moradabad. Prices in India are impacted by global markets since the great majority of gold purchased in India is imported.

Gold Rate in Moradabad can rise as a result of tensions between global powers, impacting state-to-state relationships. If the US has strained connections with a major gold producer, for example, Gold Rate in Moradabad may decrease as a result of a supply deficit. The easing of sanctions and the rebuilding of global ties have an impact on gold since it is seen as a hedge against geopolitical upheaval.

What Leads to the Increment of Gold Rates When the Stock Market Falls?

  • Inflation cost: Due to its nearly constant character when compared to currencies, gold has significant value and is used to hedge inflation. This is why gold is chosen by investors over money. If a result, as inflation grows, demand for gold grows as well, and vice versa. The Gold Rate in Moradabad will rise as a result of increased client demand. This is true for both international and local inflation in India.
  • National Gold Reserves: The central banks of most major countries have both money and gold reserves. Two well-known examples are the Reserve Bank of India and the Federal Reserve of the United States. When central banks in big nations begin to hoard gold reserves and buy more gold, the Gold Rate in Moradabad rises. This is due to the fact that the market’s cash flow has increased while the gold supply has declined.
  • Changes in Worldwide Gold Prices: Any change in the global gold price has an influence on the Gold Rate in Moradabad. This is because India is one of the world’s largest gold importers, and as a result, gold prices in India and the Gold Rate in Moradabad are affected by worldwide price variations. Because the value of currencies and many financial instruments may plummet during a political upheaval, investors seek out gold as a safe haven, and demand and price of a gold spike during such times compared to peaceful times.
  • Gold industry: Gold jewellery is quite prominent among Indians. Whether it’s for holidays or birthdays, gold jewellery holds a special place in Indian households. As a result of heightened consumer demand, Gold Rate in Moradabad climbs throughout the wedding season and during festivals such as Diwali. The demand-supply imbalance causes prices to rise. Gold is in high demand outside of jewellery for a variety of reasons. Metal is used in a variety of electrical equipment, including televisions, laptops, and GPS systems. In India, gold is used for jewellery, as a gift, to show affluence, and as a hedge against rising inflation.

Impact of GST on Gold Rate in Moradabad

GST (Goods and Services Tax) is an indirect tax levied on the provision of goods and services in India (sometimes known as a consumption tax). It’s a multi-stage, destination-based comprehensive tax: comprehensive since it incorporates almost all indirect taxes, with the exception of a few provincial levies. As a multi-staged tax, the GST is imposed at each step of the manufacturing process. Still, it is aimed to be paid back to all parties involved in the various stages of production except the final consumer, and it is received at the place of consumption rather than the place of origin, as previous taxes were.

To further appreciate the impact of the GST on the Gold Rate in Moradabad, consider the following scenario. Assume the price of 24K 10 gms gold is Rs. 55,000, and gold imports are subject to a 10% duty. Furthermore, assuming a $3,000 cost of production, the Gold Rate in Moradabad before and after GST will be as follows.

Taxes On Gold Before GST After GST
Price of 10 gm gold ₹ 45,000 ₹ 45,000
Customs Duty (10%) ₹ 4,500 ₹ 4,500
Service Tax +VAT(2%) ₹ 990 NIL
GST on Gold (3%) NIL ₹ 1,485
The total value of gold ₹ 50,490 ₹ 50,985
Making charges ₹ 3,000 ₹ 3,000
GST on making charges (5%) NIL ₹ 150
Total Price of Jewelry ₹ 53,490 ₹ 54,135

Impact of Central Bank Policies on Moradabad Gold Rate?

The Reserve Bank of India regulates banks and non-bank financial companies in India. The RBI also monitors the activity of companies that offer gold loans to their customers. The Reserve Bank of India has rules in place to safeguard clients’ interests.

On Thursday, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) loosened gold lending regulations, allowing lenders to lend up to 90% of the gold pledged. Currently, banks can lend up to 75% of the value of gold jewellery and accessories.

On the day of the monetary policy statement, the central bank upped the loan-to-value (LTV) ratio for gold loans to 90%. The LTV is the amount of money a lender may lend based on the value of the collateral for the debt raised. This also provides for a better return on the current Gold Rate in Moradabad.

Gold as an Investment in Moradabad

Prior to making an investment, the majority of risk-averse investors look for three things:

Liquidity, Safety, and Rewards

Gold not only meets the first two criteria wonderfully, but it also excels at the third. Some of the reasons why you should invest in gold are as follows:

  • Gold Rate in Moradabad and other parts of the country is regulated by IBJA
  • Because gold beats inflation, it is a great investment. Over time, the rate of return on gold investments has paralleled inflation.
  • Gold’s price is inversely linked to the price of stock investments. Gold, for example, will trade well if the stock market begins to plummet.
  • If you include gold in your portfolio as an investment option, it will function as a hedge against overall portfolio volatility.

How Can You Make Gold Investments in Moradabad

The “golden question” is what it’s called. Traditionally, gold was purchased in the form of coins, bullions, artefacts, and jewellery. Two newer kinds of gold investing are gold ETFs (exchange-traded funds) and gold mutual funds.

Gold ETFs allow you to buy the same quantity of gold without having to keep it. As a consequence, because the gold is maintained in Demat (paper) form, there is no risk of theft or burglary. Investments in gold mining firms are made through gold funds.

Gold Schemes To Invest in Moradabad

Moradabad, in the country’s northwest, is a famous city. Check out the table below to discover more about the several ways you may invest in gold in Moradabad.

Gold Gold ETFs (Exchange Traded Funds) Gold Funds
Investment in physical gold The investor buys a proportionate value of gold but not in the physical form. The investment is made in bullion and companies involved in mining gold
No need for a Demat account The investor needs a Demat account No need for a Demat account to invest
Market fluctuations directly affect the prices of gold Changes in the Gold Rate in Moradabad affect that of gold ETFs Changes in the Gold Rate in Moradabad don’t affect gold funds directly
No additional charges other than the physical gold itself Gold ETFs involve asset management and brokerage fees There’s a minimum charge to manage the gold funds.
Risks of theft and burglary associated with storing physical gold Gold ETFs remove the burden of trading gold in the physical form Eliminates the risk of theft/burglary and buffers investments to changing market fluctuations
No paperwork required for investing Paperwork required for investing in gold ETFs Paperwork is required for investing in gold funds
Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) not available No SIP option SIP available
Best suited for conventional investors Best suited for investors who have the required time and skillset to trade Best suited for investors who expect high returns by taking calculated risks

Some Interesting Facts on Gold

  • Gold is the only metal that is yellow or “golden.” When other metals oxidise or react with other chemicals, they can turn yellow, but only when they oxidise or react with other chemicals.
  • Almost all of the gold on Earth came from meteorites that crashed onto the globe 200 million years after it was created.
  • The Latin word aurum, which means “shining dawn” or “sunrise splendour,” is the source of gold’s element symbol, Au. The words “gold” are derived from the Proto-Germanic gul and Proto-Indo-European ghel, which both mean “yellow/green.” The pure element has been recognised since ancient times.
  • When other metals oxidise or react with other chemicals, they can turn yellow, but only when they oxidise or react with other chemicals.
  • The words “gold” are derived from the Proto-Germanic gul and Proto-Indo-European ghel, which both mean “yellow/green.” The pure element has been recognised since ancient times.
  • The metal gold is ductile. A single ounce of gold (about 28 grammes) may be stretched into a gold thread that is 5 miles (8 kilometres) long. Gold threads can also be used for embroidery.
  • Malleability is defined as a material’s ability to be hammered into thin sheets. Gold is the most malleable element. A single ounce of gold may be hammered into a 300-square-foot sheet of gold.
  • It is possible to make a transparent gold sheet that is thin enough. Because gold reflects red and yellow so vividly, skinny gold sheets may seem greenish-blue.

Things to Consider Before Buying Gold in Moradabad

Failure to undertake a comprehensive examination on the veracity of the creditor: A secured loan, such as a gold loan, is one that is backed up by collateral (gold in this case). This collateral is kept by the creditor or lender until the loan is completely paid off. If a borrower defaults, the creditor may be able to use the collateral to recover some or all of the money owing to the borrower.

You aren’t weighing your options: everyone wants the best gold loan deal they can get. Because it is contingent on the demands of the borrowers, there is no defined way for acquiring one. However, before signing on the dotted line, be sure you’ve considered all of your options and have all the relevant information like Gold Rate in Moradabad, etc.

Not properly evaluating the repayment arrangement: Before choosing a loan offer, customers should extensively examine the repayment arrangement with their creditors. They will be able to plan ahead of time and prevent defaults if they understand the loan’s terms.

Factors that Influence Gold Prices in Moradabad

LTV (Loan-to-Value Ratio) is an abbreviation for Loan-to-Value Ratio, which refers to the connection between a loan and the net worth of an asset. Creditors use this ratio to measure risk. The higher the LTV, the riskier the investment. In order to get the most money from creditors, borrowers must consider the LTV ratio. Creditors assess the value of your gold and, based on that, often fund a loan of up to 75% of its total value. For example, if the market value of your gold is Rs. 4 lakh, you can expect a loan of up to Rs. 3 lakh.

You don’t know what sort of gold qualifies for a loan because you don’t know what sort of gold qualifies for a loan. Examine the gold jewellery you’re promising to check if it meets the purity criteria. Creditors will only approve loans on gold that is 18–22 carat purity or above. Furthermore, if the decorations contain costly stones, they will not be included when calculating the loan value. Only the weight and purity of the gold will decide the loan value.

Because you don’t know what sort of gold qualifies for a gold loan, you have no notion what sort of gold qualifies. The sentimental value of ornaments is higher, which may inspire borrowers to pay their debts on time. As a result, gold jewellery is preferred as a form of collateral by Indian creditors. Gold bars or bullion are not accepted as security for a gold loan by banks.

KDM and Hallmarked Gold in Moradabad

  • The Bureau of Indian Requirements (BIS) issues a quality certification for hallmarked jewellery that complies with international purity requirements. The composition of the alloying metal and the purity requirements of the gold dictated this.
  • KDM is a gold-cadmium alloy with 92 per cent gold and 8% cadmium. This is the process through which the alloy is made. Because gold and solder material melt at different temperatures, cadmium is now mixed with gold, thus the abbreviation KDM.

Understanding 916 Gold Price Today in Moradabad

Despite the fact that this is one of the most often asked topics, finding an answer may be difficult. Consider the global trend that has an impact on the 916 Gold Rate in Moradabad. It is also influenced by the value of the US dollar in relation to other currencies. The Indian word for 22 karat gold is 916 gold. A multitude of factors, including the import tariff rate, influence the gold rate in Moradabad today.

To illustrate the difference in the state, the expense lower the import duty, the lower the gold rate in Moradabad, and vice versa. The price of gold in Moradabad declines when the government cuts the import tariff. Aside from municipal taxes, there are a number of other variables that influence the gold rate in Moradabad.

Investors can purchase gold when the current gold rate in Moradabad is low and sell gold when the current gold rate in Moradabad rises, despite the fact that every factor influencing the Gold Rate in Moradabad cannot be described in full. Gold prices in Moradabad, on the other hand, have been extremely volatile, with more volatility expected as policy in a number of countries remains unknown.

Check current 22-carat Gold Rate in Moradabad, and if they’re lower, but to profit. To summarise, rather than being influenced by a single factor, the Gold Rate in Moradabad in 916 will be influenced by a variety of factors.

Best Place to Buy Gold in Moradabad

Gol Market, Punjabi Market, and more marketplaces can be found in Moradabad. In Moradabad, banks and non-bank financial companies (NBFCs) participate in such marketplaces, offering trustworthy loans to customers. Because they offer a wide range of financial services in addition to loans, loan providers are frequently banking institutions.

Buying a Gold Loan in Moradabad

In India, obtaining a gold loan is straightforward because it is available both online and offline. Borrowers who take out gold loans can acquire cash quickly. It’s a no-brainer to get a gold loan from a bank or non-bank financial institution (NBFI).

Customers may now compare the majority of loan offers from Moradabad’s major banks and NBFCs by visiting their websites. They are also required to have the knowledge of Gold Rate in Moradabad so as to understand the terms offered. While this is a simple statement, it is far more complicated for potential clients. Instead, users may use India’s first financial helpline, Dialabank, to find and compare gold loan offers from a selection of market-leading gold loan companies.

On the Dialabank website, you can get all the information you need about loans and other financial products.

Or

By Calling us at Dialabank: 9878981166

What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme

Bank / NBFC Rate Per Gram Interest Rate Gold Loan Tenure Min – Max Loan Amount
₹ 3,506 to ₹ 4,621 0.099 3 to 24 months ₹ 10 thousand to 5 crore
Private Gold Loan ₹ 3,506 to ₹ 4,621 0.1 6 to 12 months ₹ 10 thousand to 5 crore
₹ 3,506 to ₹ 4,621 0.12 7 days to 36 months ₹ 3 thousand to 1 crore
₹ 3,506 to ₹ 4,621 0.1225 12 months ₹ 3 thousand to 1 crore
₹ 3,506 to ₹ 4,621 0.1025 36 months ₹ 20 thousand to 50 lakh
₹ 3,506 to ₹ 4,621 0.1 3 to 36 months ₹ 10 thousand to 5 crore
SBI Gold Loan ₹ 3,506 to ₹ 4,621 0.0975 12 to 36 months ₹ 20 thousand to 50 lakh
₹ 3,506 to ₹ 4,621 0.075 3 to 36 months ₹ 20 thousand to 50 lakh
₹ 3,506 to ₹ 4,621 0.1025 12 months ₹ 20 thousand to 50 lakh
₹ 3,506 to ₹ 4,621 0.1025 12 months ₹ 10 thousand to 5 crore
IIFL Gold Loan ₹ 3,506 to ₹ 4,621 0.12 11 months ₹ 3 thousand to 50 lakh

Gold Vs. Mutual Funds

MUTUAL FUNDS GOLD
Complicated
Less complicated
Greater market risk Involved
Based on global and few other factors it is easier to get a rough idea of the gold rates
Options to invest in Equity linked saving scheme (ELSS), Equity mutual funds, debt fund, liquid funds, etc.
Gold Funds and Gold ETFs
More opportunity cost
Less opportunity cost

Latest News on Gold Rate in Moradabad

2021-05-27:

On Thursday, May 27, 2021, the Indian spot gold and silver prices were released. The present Gold Rate in Moradabad has increased by 0.02 per cent from the day before to 47810 rupees from 47800 rupees. It was also 1.23 per cent more than the previous week’s average of 47230.0.

2021-04-19: 

The mandated hallmarking of gold jewellery benefits jewellers. Kalyan Jewellers increased by 5%, Titan Company increased by 3%, Thangamayil Jewellery increased by 2%, PC Jeweller increased by 3.13 per cent, Rajesh Exports increased by 1.7 per cent. Tribhovandas Bhimji Zaveri increased by 1.5 per cent. Experts believe that the government’s decision to require the hallmarking of gold jewellery is a good idea. Jewellery retailers and makers who are publicly traded will gain.

FAQs

In Moradabad, what is the ROI on a gold loan?

Depending on the lender, the interest rate on a gold loan in Moradabad varies. In Moradabad, the lowest gold loan interest rate is now 9.50 per cent.

Which is the Best gold loan in Moradabad presently?

At 9.50 per cent, Axis Bank offers the best gold loan interest rate in Moradabad. In addition, Axis Bank gold loans have a maximum loan amount of 2 crores, making it the best bank for high-value loan requirements.

What is the maximum period for a gold loan in Moradabad?

You can get a loan against gold for a maximum of 36 months in Moradabad.

What Has Changed in Interest Rates in the Last Month?

Gold Rate in Moradabad has been fluctuating throughout the previous month. It dropped in the first week of March due to economic developments but rose by the following weekend.

Despite an uptick in demand the next week, prices dropped and remained low for many days. Gold has always been in great demand, regardless of whether today’s gold rates in Moradabad are greater or lower.

Is It a Good Idea to Invest in Gold?

The most prevalent uses of gold are in jewellery and ornamentation. It’s always an enticing concept for investors since it’s shown to deliver significant long-term earnings while also providing a safety net for those in perilous situations. Gold Rate in Moradabad is a good determinant for the gold loan rate offered in Moradabad.

What Should You Think About Before Buying Gold?

When buying gold-related commodities such as jewellery or exchange-traded funds (ETFs), it’s critical to the first time the market by comparing gold rates in Moradabad from several sources. Make sure the jewellery you’re purchasing is hallmarked.

About Moradabad

Chaupala was the ancient name for Moradabad. The Katehria Rajputs had erected a mud-brick fort overlooking the Ganges as a fortress. Except for several memorials honouring widows of Katehria chieftains, little remains of the village from this time. Chaupala was the headquarters of a pargana under the Mughal Empire, and it is referenced in the Ain-i-Akbari as being part of the sarkar of Sambhal. It brought in 1,340,812 dams for the imperial treasury and equipped the Mughal army with a corps of 500 infantry and 100 cavalries.

However, the name “Rustamnagar” was only used for a brief time. Rustam Khan was summoned before Shah Jahan’s court and asked for an explanation as to why he had defied his commands. Rustam Khan tried to appease the emperor by claiming that he had named the city Muradabad in honour of the infant prince Murad Bakhsh. The emperor was happy, and Rustam Khan was allowed to remain in command of the new city, which eventually replaced Sambhal as the Mughal governors’ capital, and was given the name Muradabad (or Moradabad) ever since.

Gold Rate in Moradabad is also dependent on the buying behaviour of people in addition to all the other factors

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